Respect your elders Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Regard your older folks - Article Example at shoppers will in general find web based publicizing irritating and have become desensitized to the plenty of various standard advertisements filling in as limited time apparatuses for advertisers in the advanced condition. Conventional postcards, in any case, have a lot higher proportions of maintenance and purchasers are increasingly connected with their substance and reason. Numerous organizations are finding an a lot better yield on advertising venture through customary promoting practices and systems which proposes that outdated showcasing is still profoundly significant during the time spent picking up buyer intrigue and regard for an item, administration or corporate brand character. Present day strategies for promoting are not generally powerful when contrasted with attempted and tried conventional advertising exercises. This doesn't appear to be profoundly astonishing thinking about that most of Facebook clients, as one model, use this administration as a social recreational instrument and not as a medium by which to connect with organizations and inspect brand systems. Advertisers must recall that not all customer socioeconomics are effectively occupied with online networking and the Internet all the time, for example, Baby Boomers and those more youthful markets that keep up occupied social and expert ways of life. Hence, computerized advertising isn't generally viable in arriving at purchasers all the time. Truth be told, a recent report led by Nielsen and NM Incite found that lone 12 percent of white shoppers and 18 percent of African American customers really make buys in the wake of seeing on the web promotions in an informal organization (Consoli, 2012). Despite the fact that cutting edge promoting hypothesis shows that building associations with clients is a basic showcasing undertaking to assemble brand inclination and dedication, most of different market portions just use web based life for a short timeframe every day or week. Conventional promoting endeavors, for example, sending direct mailing commercials, really venture into the purchaser condition and can be sent with repeating cost

Code Of Ethic Compliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Code Of Ethic Compliance - Essay Example Constrained! It doesn't work. A serene brain is the primary essential in any undertaking. The propensity of the psyche is to meander. The brain must be held under scholarly watch however that is conceivable just through prompting the correct evaluation of needs. Psyche responds to the upgrades from the world, and reacts as needs be, yet an engrossed brain prompts a befuddled reaction. The primary goal of educator ought to be to upgrade mind fixation or accessibility to draw the consideration absolutely and totally. Where is the room of any uncertainty for the person who is persuaded that the assignment is inside his ability This ought to be the substance of very training. A helpful domain must be made by the teacher to assemble high self-assurance and high confidence inside understudies. Mentality has the effect. The instructor should turn into a wellspring of uplifting mentality for the understudies. Louis A. Berman said A decent instructor is an ace of disentanglement and a foe of simplism. An instructor must advance straightforward living however high reasoning demeanor. This extraordinarily helps in scholarly advancement which thusly will do. As indicated by William Arthur Ward The fair educator tells. The great instructor clarifies. The prevalent instructor illustrates. The extraordinary educator moves. An instructor needs to show others how its done. One needs to act than to address.

Politics today Essay Example For Students

Governmental issues today Essay Exposition composed by: CharismaWhat is legislative issues? Since the beginning, individuals have taken an interest in governmental issues on a wide range of levels. They may have taken part through an immediate vote based system, in which they legitimately administered, or they may have partaken through an agent popular government, in which they took part by choosing delegates. As residents, individuals have taken an interest in legislative issues to accomplish the things they required or needed, the esteemed things. Investment in legislative issues has been the way that individuals have a voice and change the things that legitimately influence their lives. Over the span of history, governmental issues has been the opposition of thoughts; they choose who gets what, when, where and how. Legislative issues is the methods for achieving esteemed things. Albeit, esteemed things are diverse in each general public, the methods for making sure about those things has never showed signs of change. The opposition for force, authority and impact will consistently be the foundation of governmental issues. Applying force, authority and impact to the esteemed things that help the open great, will create the personal satisfaction a general public wants. In the current day, residents in the United States request certain esteemed things, for example, government assistance, instruction, safe avenues and human services. Through governmental issues, residents can apply their capacity from numerous points of view to get the things they need. Force is the capacity to get somebody to accomplish something they might possibly need to do. Using or the use of intimidation, influence, control and arrangement, power is utilized to impact the framework. It would appear as though esteemed things, for example, safe boulevards and medicinal services, would as of now be built up in a general public, for example, our own. Utilizing safe lanes for instance, it is difficult to accept an individual would not bolster safe avenues. Be that as it may, the conversation about safe avenues isn't actually whether we need them or not. The difference on this subject, and most political themes, is what amount ought to be spent financially on accomplishing and keeping up safe boulevards. The topic of how much cash ought to be spent on what and where is generally chosen by whomever or whatever has applied the most force, impact and authority. How dynamic or dormant should the legislature be in getting esteemed things? Governmental issues must be utilized as the methods for responding to this inquiry. Governmental issues ought to be utilized to achieve the things that the general public needs most and ought to speak to the entirety of the individuals similarly. In America today, there is a general, fundamental uniformity that has been offered to everybody. Our designers ingrained majority rule esteems into our framework, and legislative issues should reliably endeavor to bring down the pace of imbalance. The significance of balance in our framework should considered of a similar significance as our opportunity. For we can not call ourselves free individuals if our neighbor is of lower importance. Through the span of history, the reasonable portrayal of the individuals and their needs have been over-shadowed. Things, for example, re-elective activities, in which the agent of the individuals settles on a specific choice dependent on getting reappointed and different things, for example, the administrations dismissal of specific individuals with low financial status are adulterating our political framework. Our framework, our kin and our nation will endure certain difficulties, for example, these on the grounds that governmental issues is the manner in which we live respectively. Legislative issues is the battle for force, authority and impact. Through talk, banter, and the information on the open great, governmental issues chooses who gets what, when, where and how.

Ap World History Chapter 26 Notes Free Essays

Section 26 Notes: Ottomans and Arabs Ottomans: Factors of Decline * Competition between world class * Weak rulers * Increasingly ground-breaking Janissary corps * Increased rivalry from European dealers * Military difficulties from the West * Ottomans versus Russia (result: loss of Serbia, Greece, and the majority of Balkans) Survival * Played European opponents against one another * Selim III: improved organization, new armed force and naval force. Murdered by janissaries in 1807 * Mahmud II: butchered Janissaries, families and strict partners, changes dependent on Western impact (maddened moderate strict pioneers) * Tanzimat Reforms (1939-1876): arrangement of Western affected changes in training, government, papers, and constitution. We will compose a custom article test on Ap World History Chapter 26 Notes or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Presentation of railroad and broadcast frameworks (impact: correspondence expanded, minority bunches expanded force) * Consequences: craftsmans adversely affected (thank you, Britain), ladies ‘s status stayed stale Backlash to Reforms Conflict among old and new requests * Abdul Hamid: endeavored to come back to dictatorial administering.. invalidated constitution, evacuated Westerners in power, proceeded with SOME Western strategies * Coup 1908: Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (Young Turks) battled for come back to 1976 constitution, Sultan stayed as nonentity. * War in North Africa: Ottomans lost Libya * Young Turks versus Middle Easterners * World War I: Turkey favored Germany†¦. Bedouin Heartlands Fertile Crescent, Egypt, North AfricaIdentified with Ottoman rulers as Muslims, loathed Ottoman principle * Fear of Western standard Muhammad Ali, Westernizing Europe * Napoleon attacks Egypt (1798): case of Western military influence, in the end crushed by the British * Western changes presented (military, farming) minimal achieved in the long haul * Khedives: Muhammad’s relatives, administered Egypt until 1952 Issues and European Help * Cotton: exclusively subject to send out * Misuse of cash by the world class Indebted to European forces * Suez Canal: presents power battle b/w European forces and Egypt (France and Britain) * Conservative Muslims detested Western nearness * Liberal Muslims obtained from West * Skirmish among Britain and Khedival armed force brings about British control (Egypt isn't colonized) Egypt in Sudan * Sudan abused, compelled to change slave exchange * Jihad called against Egyptian rulers and Britain * Sudan effective in keeping up freedom until 1896 * Western innovation versus Eastern innovation Step by step instructions to refer to Ap World History Chapter 26 Notes, Essay models

Polyamory Essays (355 words) - Sexual Fidelity, Human Sexuality

Marlon Josephs Educator Ehtesham-Zadeh ENGL 1101: Composition Rhetoric 13 October 2018 An Abundance of Lovers For what reason do we expect ladies cheat because of depression and a craving for friendship? For what reason do we derive men cheat in light of fatigue and desire for closeness? On the off chance that upbeat, mollified individuals become unfaithful, what drives us to do as such? Most Americans' accept betrayal happens, in view of stressed connections and individual weaknesses. Society, world religions, and social establishments have kept up that mankind developed in families. Truly, Human nature isn't at all monogamous. We may know this mentally, however on an enthusiastic level, we appear to be designed for forswearing. Our indiscriminate past intensifies battles over monogamy, sexual direction, and relational peculiarities. Given that human instinct acknowledge s love, sex, and friendship yet battle with proceeding with responsibility . For what reason don't individuals consider consensual non-monogamy? We have to analyze the establishment of a polyamorous way of life. That requires standing up to the mistaken assumptions that connections comprising of more than one accomplice include one man and his group of concubines of ladies. That is a justifiable generalization that is intensely imbued in our general public, in light of the fact that these sorts of elements have been supported by various strict gatherings and past developments. Be that as it may, the present polyamory development doesn't accept this thought. In fact, some contend polyamory's ascent is inferable from the women's activist upheaval: as ladies increased budgetary and social autonomy, they had the option to pick their connections. Today, sexual orientation uniformity is a focal estimation of the polyamorous network, and the cosmetics of associations is resolved not by sex, however by singular inclinations. I t is clear: polyamory isn't a solution for low confidence, passionate injuries or lovesickness. It doesn't dispose of desire or serves well to keep up connections without settling. It's anything but a getaway or break. It is more similar to a start than an end, a shelter than a gathering. Polyamory is progressively similar to a perspective that stayed covered up in the timberland of ordinariness: a spot to evacuate, just because, the critical weight we convey, our cutoff points and wants. In the event that we need it can give us organization for the street.

Scribd

Scribd INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco in the Scribd office. Trip, who are you and what do you do?Trip: My name is Trip Adler and I am the co-founder and CEO of Scribd.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?Trip: Well, I started right after college, so I guess going back to very beginning I was raised here in the Bay Area, in Palo Alto, and then I went to school on the east coast, to Harvard. I studied biophysics and then I right around my senior year I decided I want to start a company. So, started, kind of come up with my ideas, found a co-founder, went to YCombinator, and then it just went from there.Martin: Why didnt you start some company related to biophysics?Trip: Its a good question. That was actually my original plan, and I realized that I just didnt, I would need a lot more time and school to get a biophysics company started, and meanwhile had a lot of ideas for internet companies, I knew Id get started really quickly. So that was, I was too excited to start internet company that I couldnt wait that long. So, I just decided to get started. Maybe in longer term I could go back to a biophysics company, but I think right now Im enjoying working in the internet space.Martin: And how did you decide which of those hundreds of ideas you wanted to pursue?Trip: We went through a period of time for maybe a year, year and a half, where we were just tried a bunch of different ideas. That was, I think for us a really important learning experience, because we would come up with an idea, maybe build it, test it, think about it. And that experience of trial and error really taught us a lot about just how to approach starting a company and how to approach different ideas. So, we went through several ideas, one of them was basically a lot like what Uber and Lyft are today, it was like a ride sharing service, coordinated over your phones. Turns out we was just way ahead of the time it was nearly make sense to pursue it. We also did a coll ege classified site, we launched that at Harvard, we got it going, but we realized that wasnt really scalable so we moved on past that. Then we tried a bunch of other ideas, and then eventually Scribd came along. And that one just got a lot of things going right for it, so that was, ended up being the one that we stuck with.Martin: So you tested different business models and you stick with one with the most traction?Trip: It was a combination of what got early traction, what we thought was going to scale, what was a big opportunity, what would have a good business model, good user need, its a lot of those things combined. But traction is definitely an important one, if you cant get some traction early on, thats a sign that something is not working.BUSINESS MODELMartin: Lets talk about the business model, Trip. So, hows the current business model of Scribd working and how it might have been evolved over time?Trip: Currently, were mostly a subscription service. So, what we do is we le t you read unlimited books and other kinds of written content for $8.99 per month. So you pay one flat monthly fee and then you can read any kind of content on whatever device you like, and we have the really nice experience for discovering things to read and having the social experience around reading. So, its kind of the Netflix or Spotify model, but for books. And our model is that we, consumers pay us for $8.99 and we make revenue that way and then we pay out publishers and authors based on the reading activity. So that way we have really entire ecosystem where the publishers and authors get paid and consumers can have really direct, terrific reading experience.Martin: When youre looking at publisher side, are you also working with bigger brand names or publishing houses, or is it more for the individuals only?Trip: Yeah, were working with We have over the thousand publishers using the platform and we work with some of the biggest publishers in the world, so we have both HarperC ollins and Simon Schuster, selling their full backlist of books through our subscription, and we have some of the other big publishers selling books through the retail model at our site. But, were mostly focused on the subscription.Martin: Can you tell us a bit what kind of verticals in terms of the publishing books are working well and which are not working well, meaning that most people are not reading the specific kind of subsegment or vertical?Trip: Publishing is very broad, theres many different types of books that appeal to many different types of people. So we have many verticals that are working really well, we have a partnership with Lonely Planet to do travel books, and people read travel books, thats doing well, we have the Dummies series, so you can look for information within books, learn things in those books, we have all sorts of non-fiction, we have fiction, mysteries, thrillers, romance. Probably the verticals that are doing the best so far are the fiction and the romance, just because those readers are very various and they fit the subscription model really well, but were really growing across all the different verticals, and I think longer term we could have a lot of new, interesting use cases developed.Martin: And is the ground business model only digital, meaning that you dont deliver physical kind of publishing goods?Trip: Yeah, its all digital. Were completely digital company and we work with publishers and authors that publish their digital files and then we help provide an audience digitally and distribute the content digitally.Martin: Most users maybe know Scribd from the early days, so having some kind of platform where we can share PowerPoint presentations with each other. Can you tell us a little bit more about the beginnings of your startup? How did you grow and scale your company and user base?Trip: The way we got started was, I was having a conversation with my dad, whos a doctor at Stanford, and he had a medical paper that he wanted to get published, and he was talking about how in medical publishing it takes 18 months to get your paper published. So that gave us the idea that we can make a website that would let him really easily publish his paper on the web. And we could quickly broaden that to all kinds of written content so, medical papers, books, power point presentations, school papers, creative writing, any kind of written content, and any kind of content in document format, upload it to the web and then find an audience for it. So, we built that site, got a bit of a community going, just kind of through group force and just finding anyone we could find who would use it to upload their own content, and launch the site. And we had a very lucky launch where within three days we were one of the top 2000 websites on the internet. It was just very explosive launch. You see a lot of these companies doing it nowadays, because theyll get promotion in the App Store, or theyll get viral and put it on Facebo ok or something like that, but we were kind of one of the first companies that Ive seen really explode very quickly like that. And once we had that launched, we had a lot of readers come and then a small fraction of those readers would then upload their own content and that would bring more readers, and then some of those would upload and that created nice viral loop. So, that viral loop continued to grow, its still growing today, weve now reached about 95 million monthly users, we have about 60 million pieces of content in our library, and it continues to keep growing. And then over time what weve realized is that the main things our authors and publishers wanted was more revenue. And we tried then to sell books, but it didn’t really work very well, but weve realized subscription was a very good way to help them make money, because that way we can make more money for them and we can get, give readers a really terrific experience that subscription offers. So that was what leads to us launching the subscription model, on top of the free service we previously had. So, now its a bit of a freemium model.Martin: What do you think, what are the reasons for you fast explosion in terms of when you launched this kind of product? Because Im pretty sure a lot of sellers think by themselves, I want to start the next marketplace, or a social network, whatever. What measures have you taken to grow that fast?Trip: I think there was a real user need for what were doing. I mean, there wasnt an easy way to put something, put a PDF online, and we filled that need and just given the viral nature the internet works, spreads really quickly nowadays. People, back then, we were on like the front page of sites like Digg and Reddit. Nowadays its more like word of mouth, I mean, Reddit is still kind of big, Reddits actually really big now, but its a little harder to launch a site on Reddit than it was, but now you can, theres Hacker News, there are people sharing things on Twitter or on Facebook, so just taking advantage of all those viral channels to basically get the word out there.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Trip, lets talk about the corporate strategy. What do you think is the competitive advantage of Scribd nowadays?Trip: I think were really focused on two things. The first one is just having the worlds largest library of subscription content. So, for, we want to have a service that for one flat monthly price of 8.99 lets you read almost any kind of content you want to read. So, were, we have over 500.000 books right now, over 60 million user-generated documents, and were adding more all the time. So, we want to have the biggest, broadest and deepest library on the web and in the world, available via subscription. So, the first one is the size of the library, and the second one is just the user experience were building. Were building such a terrific experience for reading and reimagining the way reading should work and serving the needs of readers in ways tha t other competitors are not doing as well as we are. Were building a terrific experience for discovering new books and things to read. The subscription model really decreases the friction of starting a new book, but we are working by now with a really good recommendation engine, with really good editorial process that helps you discover books you want to read and also a really nice social layer around reading. So you can discover things to read trough your friends. So, were combining all of this together just to provide a really good experience for discovering things to read and it really just pleasant user experience overall. So, its really those two things, having the world’s largest library subscription content and a really good user experience for reading it, that differentiate the company.Martin: Trip, can you tell us a little bit more about the product strategy and what you think are some areas of development for your business?Trip: Under product specifically theres just a l ot we can do around book discovery. So, Im sure youve seen there are companies like Netflix that has really organized videos really well, where they actually tag all the videos by hand, so they can recommend very specific kinds of videos, or Pandora has a music genome project, where you can organize songs by the type of song they are, and were basically in the same thing for books. Were taking every single book and by hand generating tags for that book so we can really organize the books really well and make it really easy to discover books you want, based on your particular interests. So, theres a lot that were doing on that front, to make books much more discoverable, were also doing a lot on the social side of things, so we think social reading is, can be a really big thing. Weve already seen that happen with sites like Goodreads, but what we can do is we can actually combine the social experience with the actual reading experience of the content. And since were subscription, eve ryones reading the same books and the same products, you can make that experience really good. So, when youre reading something you can highlight it, comment on it and then your friends can see that activity. So, theres a lot we do to build a really differentiated social experience through our reading.Martin: Are you also analyzing, like for example, the reader behavior, so what types of books are they reading, or documents in general, and until what time they are reading as well what paragraph, and based on this giving some kind of recommendations what your peer group is reading?Trip: We collect a lot of data on how people are reading, we can see what parts of the book people are reading, which parts theyre reading faster and slower, we have to collect all of those because we use this data to pay to the publishers, based on the reading activity. So, we collect a lot of data on reading and we use that to make recommendations, to pay the publishers and to continue to improve the prod uct.Martin: Imagine Im an author and I want to publish my book, my PDF, whatever, via Scribd. Is there some kind of mechanism like with SEO, so how I can optimize and reach more people via your platform? I mean there is some kind of playing with algorithms, I guess.Trip: First of all, youd had to get your book published on platform. So, currently, youd have to work with one of the publishers we work with. Theres over 1000 of those, the probably the least friction ones with the self publishing platforms, like Smashwords, you can go there and get your book published to our platform very quickly. Eventually, we plan to open subscription to authors directly, but right now were working with publishers specifically. So, first you get the books up there and then, we do a really good job with the distribution at that point. Were very good at finding an audience for your books, by making it really searchable, making it SEOable, making it the paid sharable. But the more authors can promote th e books on their own, the better that will help with the promotion overall. So, if the books, if they can promote them on social networks like Facebook and Twitter, if they can embed the book on their blog, if they can just generally share the link, that just gets the content out there, it gets more links to it, increases the amount of traffic Google sends it, so the more authors can promote their books, the more that will increase the readership overall.Martin: What do you think of the idea of having this books not only as a read-only, but as an audio book? Because its, the thing is how you want to consume those content. Have you thought about having something like this, because I mean adding this as a plugin at the books that is also quite easy with the player?Trip: Its a really good idea, audio books are definitely in the rise, people are listening to them more and more, and there are, its a huge market, most people dont even realize what a big market it is. So, its definitely so mething were thinking about. And I think that by combining audio books with the book experience in subscription is just a really, it could be a really terrific experience for both reading and consuming audio books in the same product.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Trip, lets talk about the market development, in terms of publishing. There are several distributional platforms out there like Amazon, or Scribd, and there are also different kind of products. What is your take on the overall market development in those publishing industry?Trip: I think that theres, its a really interesting time, the shift to digital is so happening very quickly, because a lot of people are still reading on print and they are going to be switching to digital. So, the digital publishing market is growing very quickly and I think it will continue to grow. And I think that this entire shift from the ownership model to the access model that were pursuing is really exciting change, because previously the way it wor ked was, even in digital, it was still basically an ownership model, where you pay the publisher or the distributer and they give you a file in return for that. Were now, were shifting it at the access model where you pay for access to the library and then the publisher or the author gets paid when the books are actually read. So that creates huge changes in just the overall ecosystem. So, weve already seen very different data and how we borrow our reading through subscription. So, one thing weve seen is that with the subscription model people are reading a lot more than they were before, unless people are discovering differently, theyre rather than just searching for the book they want and read that, theyre browsing books and reading books they wouldnt have read otherwise. And the result of these changes is that the ecosystem were building is much more long tail. We drive much more distribution to books that were published 10 years ago than to books published really recently. So, i ts a much more long tail distribution than its typically seen in publishing. So, overall just bringing subscription to the industry is just a, it caused a lot of changes both for reading experience and for authors and I think youll see just a lot more general reading and a lot more authors and writers and books being published as a result of this.Martin: If you compare this what you call owned book market and then the kind of subscription based book market, do you think that by entering the subscription based book market that you grow the overall publishing market? Because, on the one end side, its definitely the quantity of reading books will increase, but the question should really like, whether the multiplication of quantity times €/$ per book will increase overall. What do you think?Trip: I definitely think so, because the way to get the market to grow is to get consumers to ultimately consume more, you want them to consume more and pay more and that expands the market. So, in the way we get consumers to read more is to by giving them better products. Its kind of amazing to me that the subscription model is coming to books last, it came to video and music before it came to books, so I think that this kind of model coming to books is just, as it gets larger, I think people will read more and it will just grow the market overall.Martin: Did you think of going after the education market? Because I can imagine having this kind of content and imagine some kind of pupils sitting in the lecture room and currently have all the physical books, which cost a lot of money, to just having on an iPad all the kind of digital books provided by Scribd, for example?Trip: You sort of where we are, we have a lot of students sharing their school papers, a lot of teachers putting up their course notes out there, and I mean there are a lot of users who are already students. And there are students that are reading the books they need to for class, if youre taking an English cla ss, youre going to have most of the books that youre going to need to read for class, so turns out we already are in that market. In terms of going into the professional textbook market, its definitely a market that were looking at, I think theres definitely a big opportunity there.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS In San Francisco, we meet co-founder and CEO of Scribd, Trip Adler. He shares his story how Scribd was founded and how the current business model works, as well as what the current plans for near future, and some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco in the Scribd office. Trip, who are you and what do you do?Trip: My name is Trip Adler and I am the co-founder and CEO of Scribd.Martin: What did you do before you started this company?Trip: Well, I started right after college, so I guess going back to very beginning I was raised here in the Bay Area, in Palo Alto, and then I went to school on the east coast, to Harvard. I studied biophysics and then I right around my senior year I decided I want to start a company. So, started, kind of come up with my ideas, found a co-founder, went to YCombinator, and then it just went from there.Martin: Why didnt you start some company related to biophysic s?Trip: Its a good question. That was actually my original plan, and I realized that I just didnt, I would need a lot more time and school to get a biophysics company started, and meanwhile had a lot of ideas for internet companies, I knew Id get started really quickly. So that was, I was too excited to start internet company that I couldnt wait that long. So, I just decided to get started. Maybe in longer term I could go back to a biophysics company, but I think right now Im enjoying working in the internet space.Martin: And how did you decide which of those hundreds of ideas you wanted to pursue?Trip: We went through a period of time for maybe a year, year and a half, where we were just tried a bunch of different ideas. That was, I think for us a really important learning experience, because we would come up with an idea, maybe build it, test it, think about it. And that experience of trial and error really taught us a lot about just how to approach starting a company and how to a pproach different ideas. So, we went through several ideas, one of them was basically a lot like what Uber and Lyft are today, it was like a ride sharing service, coordinated over your phones. Turns out we was just way ahead of the time it was nearly make sense to pursue it. We also did a college classified site, we launched that at Harvard, we got it going, but we realized that wasnt really scalable so we moved on past that. Then we tried a bunch of other ideas, and then eventually Scribd came along. And that one just got a lot of things going right for it, so that was, ended up being the one that we stuck with.Martin: So you tested different business models and you stick with one with the most traction?Trip: It was a combination of what got early traction, what we thought was going to scale, what was a big opportunity, what would have a good business model, good user need, its a lot of those things combined. But traction is definitely an important one, if you cant get some tractio n early on, thats a sign that something is not working.BUSINESS MODELMartin: Lets talk about the business model, Trip. So, hows the current business model of Scribd working and how it might have been evolved over time?Trip: Currently, were mostly a subscription service. So, what we do is we let you read unlimited books and other kinds of written content for $8.99 per month. So you pay one flat monthly fee and then you can read any kind of content on whatever device you like, and we have the really nice experience for discovering things to read and having the social experience around reading. So, its kind of the Netflix or Spotify model, but for books. And our model is that we, consumers pay us for $8.99 and we make revenue that way and then we pay out publishers and authors based on the reading activity. So that way we have really entire ecosystem where the publishers and authors get paid and consumers can have really direct, terrific reading experience.Martin: When youre looking at publisher side, are you also working with bigger brand names or publishing houses, or is it more for the individuals only?Trip: Yeah, were working with We have over the thousand publishers using the platform and we work with some of the biggest publishers in the world, so we have both HarperCollins and Simon Schuster, selling their full backlist of books through our subscription, and we have some of the other big publishers selling books through the retail model at our site. But, were mostly focused on the subscription.Martin: Can you tell us a bit what kind of verticals in terms of the publishing books are working well and which are not working well, meaning that most people are not reading the specific kind of subsegment or vertical?Trip: Publishing is very broad, theres many different types of books that appeal to many different types of people. So we have many verticals that are working really well, we have a partnership with Lonely Planet to do travel books, and people read t ravel books, thats doing well, we have the Dummies series, so you can look for information within books, learn things in those books, we have all sorts of non-fiction, we have fiction, mysteries, thrillers, romance. Probably the verticals that are doing the best so far are the fiction and the romance, just because those readers are very various and they fit the subscription model really well, but were really growing across all the different verticals, and I think longer term we could have a lot of new, interesting use cases developed.Martin: And is the ground business model only digital, meaning that you dont deliver physical kind of publishing goods?Trip: Yeah, its all digital. Were completely digital company and we work with publishers and authors that publish their digital files and then we help provide an audience digitally and distribute the content digitally.Martin: Most users maybe know Scribd from the early days, so having some kind of platform where we can share PowerPoint presentations with each other. Can you tell us a little bit more about the beginnings of your startup? How did you grow and scale your company and user base?Trip: The way we got started was, I was having a conversation with my dad, whos a doctor at Stanford, and he had a medical paper that he wanted to get published, and he was talking about how in medical publishing it takes 18 months to get your paper published. So that gave us the idea that we can make a website that would let him really easily publish his paper on the web. And we could quickly broaden that to all kinds of written content so, medical papers, books, power point presentations, school papers, creative writing, any kind of written content, and any kind of content in document format, upload it to the web and then find an audience for it. So, we built that site, got a bit of a community going, just kind of through group force and just finding anyone we could find who would use it to upload their own content, and launch the site. And we had a very lucky launch where within three days we were one of the top 2000 websites on the internet. It was just very explosive launch. You see a lot of these companies doing it nowadays, because theyll get promotion in the App Store, or theyll get viral and put it on Facebook or something like that, but we were kind of one of the first companies that Ive seen really explode very quickly like that. And once we had that launched, we had a lot of readers come and then a small fraction of those readers would then upload their own content and that would bring more readers, and then some of those would upload and that created nice viral loop. So, that viral loop continued to grow, its still growing today, weve now reached about 95 million monthly users, we have about 60 million pieces of content in our library, and it continues to keep growing. And then over time what weve realized is that the main things our authors and publishers wanted was more revenue. And we tried then to sell books, but it didn’t really work very well, but weve realized subscription was a very good way to help them make money, because that way we can make more money for them and we can get, give readers a really terrific experience that subscription offers. So that was what leads to us launching the subscription model, on top of the free service we previously had. So, now its a bit of a freemium model.Martin: What do you think, what are the reasons for you fast explosion in terms of when you launched this kind of product? Because Im pretty sure a lot of sellers think by themselves, I want to start the next marketplace, or a social network, whatever. What measures have you taken to grow that fast?Trip: I think there was a real user need for what were doing. I mean, there wasnt an easy way to put something, put a PDF online, and we filled that need and just given the viral nature the internet works, spreads really quickly nowadays. People, back then, we were on like the fro nt page of sites like Digg and Reddit. Nowadays its more like word of mouth, I mean, Reddit is still kind of big, Reddits actually really big now, but its a little harder to launch a site on Reddit than it was, but now you can, theres Hacker News, there are people sharing things on Twitter or on Facebook, so just taking advantage of all those viral channels to basically get the word out there.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Trip, lets talk about the corporate strategy. What do you think is the competitive advantage of Scribd nowadays?Trip: I think were really focused on two things. The first one is just having the worlds largest library of subscription content. So, for, we want to have a service that for one flat monthly price of 8.99 lets you read almost any kind of content you want to read. So, were, we have over 500.000 books right now, over 60 million user-generated documents, and were adding more all the time. So, we want to have the biggest, broadest and deepest library on the web a nd in the world, available via subscription. So, the first one is the size of the library, and the second one is just the user experience were building. Were building such a terrific experience for reading and reimagining the way reading should work and serving the needs of readers in ways that other competitors are not doing as well as we are. Were building a terrific experience for discovering new books and things to read. The subscription model really decreases the friction of starting a new book, but we are working by now with a really good recommendation engine, with really good editorial process that helps you discover books you want to read and also a really nice social layer around reading. So you can discover things to read trough your friends. So, were combining all of this together just to provide a really good experience for discovering things to read and it really just pleasant user experience overall. So, its really those two things, having the world’s largest librar y subscription content and a really good user experience for reading it, that differentiate the company.Martin: Trip, can you tell us a little bit more about the product strategy and what you think are some areas of development for your business?Trip: Under product specifically theres just a lot we can do around book discovery. So, Im sure youve seen there are companies like Netflix that has really organized videos really well, where they actually tag all the videos by hand, so they can recommend very specific kinds of videos, or Pandora has a music genome project, where you can organize songs by the type of song they are, and were basically in the same thing for books. Were taking every single book and by hand generating tags for that book so we can really organize the books really well and make it really easy to discover books you want, based on your particular interests. So, theres a lot that were doing on that front, to make books much more discoverable, were also doing a lot on the social side of things, so we think social reading is, can be a really big thing. Weve already seen that happen with sites like Goodreads, but what we can do is we can actually combine the social experience with the actual reading experience of the content. And since were subscription, everyones reading the same books and the same products, you can make that experience really good. So, when youre reading something you can highlight it, comment on it and then your friends can see that activity. So, theres a lot we do to build a really differentiated social experience through our reading.Martin: Are you also analyzing, like for example, the reader behavior, so what types of books are they reading, or documents in general, and until what time they are reading as well what paragraph, and based on this giving some kind of recommendations what your peer group is reading?Trip: We collect a lot of data on how people are reading, we can see what parts of the book people are reading, whic h parts theyre reading faster and slower, we have to collect all of those because we use this data to pay to the publishers, based on the reading activity. So, we collect a lot of data on reading and we use that to make recommendations, to pay the publishers and to continue to improve the product.Martin: Imagine Im an author and I want to publish my book, my PDF, whatever, via Scribd. Is there some kind of mechanism like with SEO, so how I can optimize and reach more people via your platform? I mean there is some kind of playing with algorithms, I guess.Trip: First of all, youd had to get your book published on platform. So, currently, youd have to work with one of the publishers we work with. Theres over 1000 of those, the probably the least friction ones with the self publishing platforms, like Smashwords, you can go there and get your book published to our platform very quickly. Eventually, we plan to open subscription to authors directly, but right now were working with publishe rs specifically. So, first you get the books up there and then, we do a really good job with the distribution at that point. Were very good at finding an audience for your books, by making it really searchable, making it SEOable, making it the paid sharable. But the more authors can promote the books on their own, the better that will help with the promotion overall. So, if the books, if they can promote them on social networks like Facebook and Twitter, if they can embed the book on their blog, if they can just generally share the link, that just gets the content out there, it gets more links to it, increases the amount of traffic Google sends it, so the more authors can promote their books, the more that will increase the readership overall.Martin: What do you think of the idea of having this books not only as a read-only, but as an audio book? Because its, the thing is how you want to consume those content. Have you thought about having something like this, because I mean adding this as a plugin at the books that is also quite easy with the player?Trip: Its a really good idea, audio books are definitely in the rise, people are listening to them more and more, and there are, its a huge market, most people dont even realize what a big market it is. So, its definitely something were thinking about. And I think that by combining audio books with the book experience in subscription is just a really, it could be a really terrific experience for both reading and consuming audio books in the same product.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Trip, lets talk about the market development, in terms of publishing. There are several distributional platforms out there like Amazon, or Scribd, and there are also different kind of products. What is your take on the overall market development in those publishing industry?Trip: I think that theres, its a really interesting time, the shift to digital is so happening very quickly, because a lot of people are still reading on print and they are going to be switching to digital. So, the digital publishing market is growing very quickly and I think it will continue to grow. And I think that this entire shift from the ownership model to the access model that were pursuing is really exciting change, because previously the way it worked was, even in digital, it was still basically an ownership model, where you pay the publisher or the distributer and they give you a file in return for that. Were now, were shifting it at the access model where you pay for access to the library and then the publisher or the author gets paid when the books are actually read. So that creates huge changes in just the overall ecosystem. So, weve already seen very different data and how we borrow our reading through subscription. So, one thing weve seen is that with the subscription model people are reading a lot more than they were before, unless people are discovering differently, theyre rather than just searching for the book they want and rea d that, theyre browsing books and reading books they wouldnt have read otherwise. And the result of these changes is that the ecosystem were building is much more long tail. We drive much more distribution to books that were published 10 years ago than to books published really recently. So, its a much more long tail distribution than its typically seen in publishing. So, overall just bringing subscription to the industry is just a, it caused a lot of changes both for reading experience and for authors and I think youll see just a lot more general reading and a lot more authors and writers and books being published as a result of this.Martin: If you compare this what you call owned book market and then the kind of subscription based book market, do you think that by entering the subscription based book market that you grow the overall publishing market? Because, on the one end side, its definitely the quantity of reading books will increase, but the question should really like, whet her the multiplication of quantity times €/$ per book will increase overall. What do you think?Trip: I definitely think so, because the way to get the market to grow is to get consumers to ultimately consume more, you want them to consume more and pay more and that expands the market. So, in the way we get consumers to read more is to by giving them better products. Its kind of amazing to me that the subscription model is coming to books last, it came to video and music before it came to books, so I think that this kind of model coming to books is just, as it gets larger, I think people will read more and it will just grow the market overall.Martin: Did you think of going after the education market? Because I can imagine having this kind of content and imagine some kind of pupils sitting in the lecture room and currently have all the physical books, which cost a lot of money, to just having on an iPad all the kind of digital books provided by Scribd, for example?Trip: You sort of where we are, we have a lot of students sharing their school papers, a lot of teachers putting up their course notes out there, and I mean there are a lot of users who are already students. And there are students that are reading the books they need to for class, if youre taking an English class, youre going to have most of the books that youre going to need to read for class, so turns out we already are in that market. In terms of going into the professional textbook market, its definitely a market that were looking at, I think theres definitely a big opportunity there.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURSMartin: Trip, most of our readers are first time entrepreneurs and people who think about starting their own company. What advice could you give them, especially what would you have done differently if you had to start all over again?Trip: This is a big question! Its.., and I think I change my answer to this about every 3 months, because Im always learning and I think right when I feel like Ive figured everything there is out about entrepreneurship, I realize that I actually was completely wrong and that feeling that theres something else I have to learn, and that seems to keep happening and I imagine it will probably keep happening for your whole career. So, I guess that would be my first piece of advice, which is to just keep learning and to just, you just realize how much there is to know and just like how long it takes to get at building companies. I mean its not, building company is not, the media often makes it out to be this kind of thing where you start your app, and then Facebook buys it for a million dollars a year later. And that does happen occasionally, but thats really kind of the exception, anyone can build a really big company, its just that if you get lucky it takes time and learning. So, if you try the first time and you dont get it right, even if it takes you a year of trying something or a couple of years, eventually youll get there if you just keep tr ying, if youre just constantly learning and constantly trying, youll eventually figure out something that will, users will like and will scale and get the rest attention, and become a big business.Martin: And what when your little brother asks you Trip, what should I do and what shouldnt I do when I start a company? What would you answer him?Trip: The first thing would be just to get started. Thats actually probably the hardest step, which is just doing anything at all, because most people are just afraid to get started. So, you need just sort of like take that take that first step and sort of have some confidence at what youre doing. So you need to be very confident and aggressive when you do things, but at the same time just be humble and learn as you go along, because probably that first step that you take youll make a mistake and do something wrong, so you need to just learn from that, and then change course and get to the next step. So, it would just be basically get started an d be really determined and learn as you go along.Martin: What advice can you give young entrepreneurs when they think about financing their company?Trip: First of all, I think people often think of financing their company as the big challenge, but its, or the think that they do to be successful, but thats not really true. You often need a lot less money than you think you do. And you can make a lot of progress without much financing, and you should only raise money if you really have a use for the money, because Especially nowadays, theres so many companies in Silicon Valley that raise a lot of money and they just spend it all and then they didnt really do anything with that money. Thats a really wrong way to go down. So, my general advice, which is a little bit kind of what most people say, which is raise, delay raising money and raise less than you need, because that will kind of force you to really build a good company. If you do want to raise money, the best thing you could do i s just build a good business. If you have a really good business with real user need and real traction, a real business model, investors will come and its pretty easy. And if youre having problem tracking investors, it probably means you should just focus on building your business, not necessarily spend more time trying to attract the investors.Martin: What advice would you give on how to manage your time focusing on business and focusing on raising money? Because I mean some of the startups just focus six months on raising money, while neglecting the business and the other guys are only building the business, and not fueling the company with cash, for example.Trip: You definitely want to spend more time building the business. If you do want to raise money, it does take time, usually, you do need to get investors comfortable with giving your company money, you need to spend some time going through the whole process, but the best thing you want to do is to either, if you do fundraise , to just go 100% into fundraising boat and then get it done quickly. So, you want to be building the business, then you decide to raise money, go raise money and as soon as youre done go back to building the business. You dont want to be spending six months on fundraising, especially early on, maybe if its an IPO or something, you could spend some more time on it, but on the early on it should really be a much shorter period of time than six months.Martin: Trip, thank you very much for your time.Trip: Well, thank you.Martin: And next time you are thinking about starting a company, you can read on our website the practical guidance and in addition some kind of presentations on Scribd. Thank you very much.

Motivation Theory and Practice Name University - Free Essay Example

RUNNING HEAD: Motivation Theory and Practice Name University Name Instructor name Course Name Date Motivation Theory and Practice Introduction Motivation is the psychological process which gives the behavior a meaning or a purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995); an internal drive to satisfy the unsatisfied needs (Higgins, 1994) and the will to achieve (Bedeian,1993). The word motivation has a different connotation in Psychology, it refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior (Green, 1995). Thus motivation in simple terms can be defined as the desire or willingness to do something and the inner force which helps the individuals to achieve their goals and aims. Motivation is very important in business as the employer has to first of all understand as to what motivates the employees and what exactly should they do to motivate their employees so as to increase the over all productivity. Motivation has occupied a prominent place amongst researchers due to the fact that business has to motivate not only the employees but also should succeed in motivating the customers. This is so because of the increasing competition in business and the motivated employees can provide a firm with a distinctive advantage and a cutting edge on others by being more productive, which can keep the business organization thriving and surviving. Motivation has been attempted to be studied and analyzed by two schools of thought; the scientific school of thought and the Behavioral School of thought. Scientific Model The scientific method to management tasks was devised by pioneers like Frederic Taylor, (1856-1915). Under this model; employees are regarded as an input in the process of production of goods and services. The scientific approach lays importance on the scientific selection, training and development of the employees rather than giving them an option to choose their own tasks and the methods of training so as to carry out the work in accordance with scientifically devised procedures. According to this model human behavior was to be analyzed scientifically, by considering individuals as parts of the machines. Taylor broke down the tasks into smallest units in order to figure out the best approach. Here each worker was assigned a single job in which he is trained like the motions of the parts of the machine. He then made a science for each element of work and restricted the behavioral alternatives of the worker in accordance with his social physical environment, task, capacity, speed, durability and cost in order to remove the human variability (Terpstra, 2005). This model of Taylor was successful as it increased production and profitability as it was based on rationality rather than the trial and error methodology in management, and this led to enhanced efficiency in work. But this approach to the treatment of human beings as machines was opposed by the managers, who called it as dehumanization of work. The other fe ature of this model was that observation and breaking the timings on the basis of stop-watch timing also faces a strong resistance on the ground that nobody likes his work to be so closely monitored. Taylor’s method though criticized had an impact on the work as it was a very novel efficient and more productive method of work, which totally changed the nature of the industry itself as the departments of work study, personnel, maintenance and Quality check did not exist at all before the scientific model was invented by Taylor (Buford, 2000). Though there have been many developments in this field later but the scientific model has remained the basis for all the other models which developed later, as they were only modifications and not original. Behavioral approach The Behavioral Model approaches the concept from the identification of the elements and specific influences which motivate individuals to increase their efficiency and productivity. Many people have contributed t o this approach of motivation and have put forth their theories on these lines. The theory of hierarchy of needs by Maslow (1943) is one such attempt in this regard. According to this theory human needs are considered in the form of hierarchy, ascending from lowest to the highest. Maslow argues that lower level needs have to be satisfied before the higher level needs, as once the needs are satisfied, they cease to be a motivator. To keep the workers in action their lower needs should be satisfied and their higher needs to be satisfied only later. Maslow has elaborated the five needs as; Physiological, security or safety, social, Esteem and self actualization needs. Physiological needs are the most basic human needs which are important for sustenance like food, water, warmth, shelter, sleep etc. Maslow argued that unless physiological needs are satisfied to a degree, no other motivating factor can work. †¢ Safety or Security needs are those needs which relate to one’ s security, protection and stability in the personal life. They are free from physical danger and emotional harm; viz, fear of unemployment, loss of property, food and shelter. †¢ Social Needs are needs for love, affection and belongingness and social acceptance. People are social beings and try to satisfy their needs for acceptance and friendship as man cannot afford to live in isolation. †¢ Esteem – is the need for reputation and esteem, which man expects after his social needs are satisfied. They are; power, prestige status and self confidence. Even internal and external esteem factors like self respect, autonomy, achievements, recognition and attention (Source) †¢ . Self actualization is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. Its the need to grow and use abilities to the fullest potential. It includes growth and self-fulfillment by achieving ones potential to accomplish something. The hierarchy is shown in the figure below: [pic] As gi ven in Maslow’s hierarchy triangle of needs, every need satisfied will be followed by the next on the hierarchy level which becomes important and dominant for example, when physiological needs are satisfied, people look for their safety, which becomes important now and when all the needs are satisfied motivation stops. Thus the crux of this theory is finding out the level of hierarchy in a person’s life. Maslow’s theory of needs is widely recognized and is adopted by the managers all over the world. The theory is easily understood and its intutive logic has made it implementable but the emperical evidence of the measurement of its success after its implementation in the validation of the theory is not found. Hence the quantitative impact of the theory of needs is not accurately measured. Two Factor Theory: If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do says Frederick Herzbergs (1959). This motivational theory of Herzberg is based on a two-com ponent approach and is known as the Two Factor theory. He draws a distinction between things which prevent dissatisfaction and those that create satisfaction (Herzberg, 1959). Dissatisfaction leads to de-motivation and because the discontent environmental factors known as Hygiene factors, people are de-motivated at their work place. The hygiene factors include security, status, relationship, personal life, salary, working conditions, company policy and administration (Bedeian, 2003), which are basically essential and do not lead to motivation but their absence would certainly de-motivate the workers. The second component of the Hygiene theory involves those factors, whose absence causes no dissatisfaction but their presence motivates the workers like the work and organizational environment. These factors are termed as motivational factors by Herzberg. Factors like growth prospects, career progression and advancement, responsibility, challenges, recognition and achievements are the motivational factors. The theory focuses on the fact that mere removal of the dissatisfying features from a job does not make the work satisfactory but both the approaches of hygiene and motivation should exist simultaneously to make the Herzberg’s approach applicable and it is a modification of the Maslow’s theory hierarchy of needs. The Herzberg’s theory has been criticized as vague, but in the present conditions of business, where the contents and contexts of employment have become major issues, the accurate application and implementation based on the motivational ideas of the theory would give very good results. pic] Diagrammatic representation of Herzberg two-factor theory (Web 2) Vrooms Expectancy Theory is based on the perception that motivation depends on the values and beliefs of a person and it examines whether the motives of an individual will be fulfilled . i. e the belief of the employee that his efforts will increase his performance, which would enhance his rewards (Vroom, 1964). According to the theory individuals can be motivated on the basis of a positive correlation between efforts of the worker and his performance, which should lead to a reward. Consequently, the reward should be able to satisfy his needs and desire to equate his efforts. The theory therefore states that the strength of an individual’s motivation depends on their expectation of the results of heir performance, which contributes to the satisfaction of their need. Hence motivation is the result of a rational calculation (Vroom, 1964). Further the calculations depend upon people’s beliefs and the expectancy multiplied by the probability of performance leading to a reward (instrumentality), multiplied by the perceived value of the reward (Valence) (Source). Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence can be used to predict whether a particular reward will motivate an individual or not. Thus Vroom’s theory is applica ble to those situations where someone does something on the expectation of a certain outcome or a result or it is the association between expected outcomes and the contribution the people can make towards the results (Bowen, 1991). Though critics have appreciated the basics of the Vroom’s theory but issues have been raised about the validity of the motivation equation as a product of expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Porter-Lawler Expectancy theory has also contributed to the concept of motivation in terms of expectancy and it is on the same lines as Vroom’s theory and suggests that motivational level is based on the value attributed to the reward by an individual. Performance in a task is mainly determined by the efforts made and the ability of an individual and his perception of the job. Hence, satisfaction of the individual depends upon the fairness of the reward (Bowen 1991) Porter and Lawler point out that perceived inequality in this model plays a pivot al role in job satisfaction. Dissatisfaction according to this theory is caused by the inequality of the reward, which should be constantly and continuously evaluated. Therefore discriminatory practices should be avoided at the work place and equality among the employees should be imbibed by the employers at the place of work. Elton Mayo known for his Hawthorne Experiments analyzed the human aspects of motivation and came to a conclusion that motivation was a very complex phenomenon and was not concerned with only about pay, work condition and morale but also about psychological and social factors. Thus he emphasized on the need for recognition and a sense of belongingness as vital factors of motivation. Comparison between Scientific and Behavior approaches The two approaches to the concept of motivation differ from each other as there is an underlying factor which differentiates between them. According to the Scientific Approach, work is inherently unpleasant to most of the p eople and financial incentives are very lucrative to them than other factors like the nature of work, role profile, work environment etc. hile the Behavioral approach emphasizes on the social aspects like the role of social processes in organization and belongingness and feeling of being important and useful. Thus this approach emphasizes on the human needs more than monetary benefits. So individuals tend to contribute to the success of the organization through their efforts towards the organizational effectiveness. Scientific management is an effective technique for a capitalist system and a money economy where the companys sole objective is the improvement of efficiency and profitability. (Higgins, 2004). Human approach occupies a prominent place in today’s work environment, as company’s success is judged by the qualitative parameters where worker motivation contributes to the success of the company. Conclusions The changing environment is posing a challenge to th e business organizations in the present day situation and the solution to the motivation problems is becoming more and more complex due to the changing factors of motivation (Bowen Radhakrishna, 2001). The management of the business should be able to understand and comprehend the process, theories and fundamental components of motivation. They should not forget that interest work and employee pay are the main components of motivation along with job enlargement, promotions, monetary benefits and non-monetary compensations. Ten motivating factors have been researched (Higgins, 2004) and they are; interesting work, good wages, full appreciation of work done, job security, good working conditions, promotions and growth in the organization, feeling of being in on things, personal loyalty to employees, tactful discipline, and sympathetic help with personal problems. Thus in order to motivate to enhance the efficiency and productivity in a business organization, a motivation program has to be designed on the basis of the knowledge of the factors which are essential for the motivation of the employees. References: Books and Journal Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed. ), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press. Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Management (3rd ed. ). New York: Dryden Press. Bowen, B. E. , Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction of agricultural education faculty: A constant phenomena. Journal of Agricultural Education, 32 (2). 16-22. Buford, J. A. , Jr. , Bedeian, A. G. , Lindner, J. R. (2005). Management in Extension (3rd ed. ). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. Buford, J. A. , Jr. (2000). Extension management in the information age. Journal of Extension, 28 (1). Dickson, W. J. (1973). Hawthorne experiments. In C. Heyel (ed. ), The encyclopedia of management, 2nd ed. (pp. 298-302). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Harpaz, I. (2004). The importance of work goals: an int ernational perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 21. 5-93. Herzberg, F. , Mausner, B. , Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley Sons. Higgins, J. M. (2004). The management challenge (2nd ed. ). New York: Macmillan. Kovach, K. A. (1997). What motivates employees? Workers and supervisors give different answers. Business Horizons, 30. 58-65. Kreitner, R. (2005). Management (6th ed. ). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, July 1943. 370-396. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press. Smith, G. P. 1994). Motivation. In W. Tracey (ed. ), Human resources management and development handbook (2nd ed. ). Terpstra, D. E. (2005). Theories of motivation: borrowing the best. Personnel Journal, 58. 376. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley . Web sites (Web 1) Motivation theorists and their theories (online) (cited 15 December) A vailable from https://www. accel-team. com/motivation/theory_01. html (Web 2) Motivation (online) (cited 16 December) Available from URL https://choo. fis. utoronto. ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1. htm[pic][pic][pic]